Are objects the same as Maps in Javascript?

Javascript Objects

An Object is a value in memory that can be referenced by an identifier like a variable. It acts like a dictionary in which we can store key-value pairs for our program.

Basic operations on objects

Creation of an object

An object can be created with the object class constructor or by literal syntax. The statement to create an empty object using both ways are shown below.

1. Constructor syntax:

let newObj = new Object();

2. Literal syntax:

let newObj = {};

Adding and Removing properties

In javascript objects, we should use strings as keys or properties of the object. We can create a new property as shown below.

newObj.isReal = true;
newObj["isReal"] = true;

The same syntax can be used to modify the value of a property as well.

When you have multiple keys that you need to open, using the second case would be much easier since you can store the key as a string on a variable and then access the key using that variable inside the square brackets.

For removing a property, we can use the delete keyword on that property of the object.

delete newObj.isReal;

Mutability

In Javascript, objects are the only mutable values.

”Aren’t normal variables mutable too? We can change the value of any variables inside JS.” Atleast some of you might have this question in your mind. When you modify a variable in javascript, the variable is reassigned to a new memory location with the new value. But in case of Objects, the inner value is replaced and not the object. Which makes objects mutable. This is also the same reason why some data are passed as Objects to some functions so that the changes that are applied to the object stays even after the function ends.

Usage of object as a dictionary

JS objects can be used as a simple dictionary to store key value pairs. But they were not designed for cases where the dictionary will have huge amount of modifications. The hash table implementation gets slower as the number of keys in the object increases. The hash table uses linear probing to find out the next free slot of memory to store the value of a new key. This process gets slower as the objects gets populated with more keys. So using a simple javascript object as a dictionary is not ideal if you are trying to build a highly scalable and performant application. Javascript has another datatype for this specific usecase where we require good performance for dictionaries.

Maps

Maps are specially designed to be used as a dictionary for javascript applications. It holds key-value pairs just like objects do. But it holds the order of insertion for later use. We can also use keys of types other than just string. Both objects or any primitive types can be used as a key or value inside Maps. Even functions can be used as keys inside a map. How? Because functions are basically objects with an additional functionality which makes it callable.

Basic operations on a Map

Creation of a map

A map is created with the constructor of Map class.

let map = new Map();

Read, Write, Update and Delete key-value pair in maps

Writing a new key or updating an existing key in a map is possible with the help of the set function that is associated with the map object.

map.set('a', 44);

Reading a key from the map is done with the get fuction.

let data = map.get('a');

Deleting a key is though the delete function.

map.delete('a');

Performance difference statistics

When a performance difference is being mentioned anywhere, everyone looks for the valid data. So here I created a simple program to create an object and a map and then add and read 1 million keys.

const iterations = 1000000; // Number of iterations for the test

// Performance test using JavaScript objects as dictionaries
const testObjectPerformance = () => {
  const start = performance.now();
  const obj = {};
  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
    obj['key' + i] = i;
  }
  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
    const value = obj['key' + i];
  }
  const end = performance.now();
  return end - start;
};

// Performance test using JavaScript Maps as dictionaries
const testMapPerformance = () => {
  const start = performance.now();
  const map = new Map();
  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
    map.set('key' + i, i);
  }
  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
    const value = map.get('key' + i);
  }
  const end = performance.now();
  return end - start;
};

// Run the performance tests and log the results
const objectTime = testObjectPerformance();
const mapTime = testMapPerformance();

console.log(`Using Objects took ${objectTime} milliseconds.`);
console.log(`Using Maps took ${mapTime} milliseconds.`);

if (objectTime < mapTime) {
  console.log('Objects are faster.');
} else if (objectTime > mapTime) {
  console.log('Maps are faster.');
} else {
  console.log('Both have similar performance.');
}

Data from executing this script on my system:

+--------+-------------+-------------+
| Trials | Object Time |  Map  Time  |
+--------+-------------+-------------+
|    1   |  1961.7186  |  1071.3730  |
|    2   |  1729.8827  |  0984.2493  |
|    3   |  1950.5202  |  0955.6944  |
|    4   |  1955.8236  |  1050.4110  |
|    5   |  1951.1201  |  1006.1277  |
+--------+-------------+-------------+
|   Avg  |  1909.8130  |  1013.5710  |
+--------+-------------+-------------+

This shows that using Maps is 89% faster than using objects as dictionaries.

Conclusion

Maps and objects can be used as dictionaries. If you are creating a dictionary in your application and rarely modify it’s values, using an object to create the dictionary is fine. But when you are creating a dictionary which is expected to be modified frequently, it is a good practice to use a Map instead of an object.